Older hard disks required periodic low-level
formatting by the system configurator or end-user. To facilitate this, low-level
format utilities were created. These are small programs written to control the low-level
formatting process for the hard disk. The hard disk controller would normally include one
of these programs in a ROM chip in hardware,
enabling access to the software without requiring any drives to be running in the system,
and thus avoiding a possible "chicken and egg" quandary. In addition, more
sophisticated, third-party utilities were available that would perform an LLF and also do
other related features such as scanning for bad sectors or analyzing the drive to
determine an optimal interleave setting. These would typically be loaded from a floppy
disk.
Low-level formatting an older hard disk could be a rather complicated procedure,
particularly for one who was not very familiar with PCs and hard disks. Various factors
needed to be taken into account, such as defect
mapping and setting the interleave factor. The
particular conditions of the drive when formatting were also important: due to the
vagaries of stepper-motor actuators, doing an LLF
when the drive was very cold or very hot could lead to errors when the drive returned to a
more normal temperature. Even the orientation of
the drive when it was formatted was an issue.
As I have said (probably too often, sorry) modern drives do not need to be low-level
formatted by the end user, and in fact cannot be LLFed outside the factory due to their
precision and complexity. However, it seems that the need to LLF hard disks on
the part of users has never gone away. Like some primordial instinct, many PC users seem
to have a fundamental desire to LLF their modern disks. Maybe it is built into the genetic
code in some way yet undiscovered. ;^) In fact, even if it were possible, the vast
majority of the time that someone "needs" to LLF a hard disk today, it is not
really necessary. Many users jump quickly to wanting to try an "LLF" whenever
they have a problem with their hard disk, much the way many jump to re-installing their
operating system whenever it gives them trouble.
Hard drive manufacturers have created for modern drives replacements for the old LLF
utilities. They cause some confusion, because they are often still called
"low-level format" utilities. The name is incorrect because, again, no utility
that a user can run on a PC can LLF a modern drive. A more proper name for this sort of
program is a zero-fill and diagnostic utility. This software does work
on the drive at a low level, usually including the following functions (and perhaps
others):
- Drive Recognition Test: Lets you test to see if the software can
"see" the drive. This is the first step in ensuring that the drive is properly
installed and connected.
- Display Drive Details: Tells you detailed information about the drive,
such as its exact model number, firmware revision
level, date of manufacture, etc.
- Test For Errors: Analyzes the entire surface of the hard disk, looking
for problem areas (bad sectors) and instructing the integrated drive controller to remap
them.
- Zero-Fill: Wipes off all data on the drive by filling every sector with
zeroes. Normally a test for errors (as above) is done at the same time.
When most users today talk about "low-level formatting" a drive, what they
are really talking about is doing a zero-fill. That procedure will restore a functional
drive (that is, one that does not have mechanical problems) to the condition it was in
when received from the factory. There are occasions when a modern hard disk can become so
badly corrupted that the operating system cannot recover it, and a zero-fill can help in
this situation. Stubborn boot sector viruses for
example can be hard to eradicate without resorting to low-level intervention. Since the
zero-fill cleans all programs and data off the drive it will get rid of almost any
data-related problem on the drive, such as viruses, corrupted partitions and the like.
Just remember that it's a bit like burning down your house to get rid of termites: you
lose everything on the drive.
This type of utility can also be used to "hide" bad sectors by telling the
drive to remap them to its collection of spares. Just remember that a drive that continues
to "grow" bad sectors over time is one whose reliability is highly suspect. I
discuss this matter in more detail here.
Warning: Only use a
low-level zero-fill or diagnostic utility designed for your particular hard disk. You can
download one for free from your drive manufacturer's web site. Even though damage probably
won't result from using the wrong program, you may lose data and you may also complicate
any warranty service you try to have performed on the drive. (Technical support people at
"Company X" generally don't like to hear that you used a utility on their drive
written by "Company Y".)
Warning: Always back up your
data before you use a low-level utility, and make sure that you carefully follow all of
the instructions provided.
Warning: Never run a
low-level disk utility from within a multi-tasking operating system such as Windows 9x.
Other programs running in the background could interfere with the utility. Restart the
computer in MS-DOS mode first, or reboot the computer from a floppy.
Next: Unformatted and Formatted Capacity
